UNB Scholar Research Repository :: Browsing by Author "Leonard, Philip"

Browsing by Author "Leonard, Philip"

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A profile of employment across industries in New Brunswick: 1996-2019
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2020) Boco, Eton; Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted
This report examines employment and industry changes in New Brunswick (NB) over a 20-year period (1996 to 2016) using data from the Canadian Census. It also examines changes over a ten-year period (2009 to 2019) using data from the Labour Force Survey. Results are stratified by CMA/CA1 and by industry using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Analysis of unmatched immigrants in the BizNet Database
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2020) Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted; Miah, Pablo
New Brunswick has been facing the problem of an aging and shrinking population for some time now, and both factors are likely to affect the economy and workforce of the province. To implement measures for proactive population growth and for increasing the size of the labour force, the Government of New Brunswick (GNB) has identified immigration as a key strategy – and while NB has seen a growing number of immigrant arrivals, the retention of landed immigrants must be a primary objective. Identifying trends in immigrant retention, and factors influencing retention, can help decision makers understand how well current policies work and – if required – make necessary changes.
Comparisons of high school equivalency and high school diplomas in NB
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2019) Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted; Balzer, Andy
Is getting a GED as “good” as getting a high school diploma? New Brunswickers who drop out of high school but later complete their high school education commonly receive a General Equivalency Diploma – otherwise known as a GED. Some may assume that having a GED or other equivalency degree is comparable to having a high school diploma. Meanwhile, others ask if having a GED is better than having no degree at all. To shed light on this issue, researchers at NB-IRDT look at the evidence surrounding labour market outcomes. This report uses data from the New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training (NB-IRDT) from the 2016 General Social Survey to examine labour market outcomes – including employment and average income – for New Brunswickers possessing a high school equivalency diploma, a traditional high school diploma, or less than a high school education. New Brunswickers with levels of education beyond high school are not included in this comparison. Findings show that while employment rates and average incomes for individuals with an equivalency diploma are not as high as for those with a high school diploma, they are considerably higher than those of individuals who did not complete a high school education. At the time of the survey, 51% of individuals with an equivalency diploma were employed, versus 60% with a high school diploma and 31% without a high school education. Individuals with an equivalency diploma were earning approximately $31,742 a year, compared to $32,381 for those with a high school diploma and $19,893 for those without a high school education. Previous studies have asked whether there is any advantage to getting a GED over not getting one at all. The results suggest the answer is “yes” – in the labour market, at least.
Constructing profiles of low-skilled workers in New Brunswick
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2021-07) Bhuiyan, Erfan Mahmood; Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted
Introduction The objective of this report is to construct profiles of low-skilled workers in New Brunswick (NB) using different definitions of low skill and to evaluate how these profiles have evolved over time. Profiles include age group, sex, ethnicity, immigration status, employment status, industry, region of residence, and income. Data and Definitions The results of this report are based on the master data files of the 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2016 cycles of the Canadian Census and the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) available in the Statistics Canada Research Data Centre (RDC) in Fredericton, NB. Overview and Key Findings This report constructs statistical descriptions, or profiles, of low-skilled workers in New Brunswick using three different definitions for low skill: Lack of high school certificate or its equivalent National Occupational Classification (NOC) Skill Level D Annual earnings, based on employment income, in the lowest income quintile Using these definitions for low skill, this report finds the following: 13% of working-age New Brunswickers have less than a high school certificate or equivalent This group earns an annual median income of $21,550 11% of working-age New Brunswickers are employed in NOC Skill Level D occupations This group earns an annual median income of $18,505 16% of working-age New Brunswickers earn less than the lowest income quintile cut-off. This group earns an annual median income of $6,820 Conclusion Understanding who the low-skilled workers in NB are and how the profiles of these individuals have evolved over time will help the government design more targeted programs. Once the most vulnerable groups are identified, it becomes easier to see whether they are taking advantage of existing public programs. According to this report, the groups considered most vulnerable to being low-skilled include women, part-time workers, and New Brunswickers aged 20-24. This information has the potential to help the government examine the impact of existing programs aimed at these individuals and evaluate how such programs can be improved to better serve these likely vulnerable groups.
Immigrant retention in New Brunswick: Results from BizNet and Citizen Database
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2019) Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted; Miah, Pablo
How many immigrants typically land in New Brunswick? And how many stay? In an effort to boost the population and economy of New Brunswick, the provincial government has invested many resources in attracting and retaining immigrants. One such initiative is the Provincial Nomination Program (PNP), which accelerates the immigration and Permanent Resident application process for skilled workers and immigrants (and their family members) with experience in business. In this report, researchers from the New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training (NB-IRDT) use linked data from BizNet and the Citizen Database to investigate the number of landings (2001-2017) and retention rates (2005-2017) of immigrations in New Brunswick, focusing in particular on immigrants who arrived through the PNP. Results show that the number of Provincial Nominees has been steadily rising since 2005, reaching over 950 a year in 2017. Meanwhile, of the Nominees in New Brunswick long enough to receive a Medicare number, 75% remain in province one year later; 60% remain 3 years later, and less than 50% remain 5 years later. Report findings indicate that New Brunswick retains approximately 64% of targeted immigrants through the PNP. Findings also show that the largest number of Provincial Nominees has consistently come from China, though the number from the Philippines has been increasing rapidly since 2016. Immigrants from the Philippines also have the highest retention rates. Future updates to the Citizen Database and BizNet datasets will make it possible to analyze retention rates of applicants through the Atlantic Immigration Pilot as well.
Mobility and retention of labour market training program participants
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2022-02) Balzer, Andy; Bhuiyan, Erfan Mahmood; Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted
This report measures the retention in New Brunswick of participants in programs designed and implemented by the Government of New Brunswick’s Department of Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour (PETL) to help individuals prepare for, obtain, and maintain employment in New Brunswick. Information pertaining to these programs and their participants is captured in the ContactNB database, housed on the secure platform at the New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training (NB-IRDT). These programs – also referred to as “interventions” – were analyzed to determine whether trained individuals remained in New Brunswick after program completion. 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year retention rates are presented for individuals who completed these interventions between 1999 and 2018, inclusive.
Putting geographic variation in surgical procedures on the map: Geographic variation in coronary artery bypass and hip and knee replacement surgeries in the Maritime provinces
(Maritime SPOR Support Unit, 2016) Levy, Adrian; McDonald, James Ted; Krause, Juergen; Leonard, Philip; Stock, David; Campbell-McNamara, Sarah; MacSwain, Mary-Ann; Patterson, Michelle; Robinson, Bryn
MSSU researchers from three Maritime provinces compared the distribution and organization of treatments for total hip and knee arthroplasty and cardiac surgical procedures across different regions of the province;evaluated how patient outcomes vary within and across jurisdictions and as a function of travel times to the hospital; and evaluated how cost and performance measures vary across hospitals offering these services within the province.
Rétention, attraction et résultats sur le marché du travail des diplômés de niveau postsecondaire au Nouveau-Brunswick
(l’Institut de recherche, de données et de formation du Nouveau-Brunswick, 2021-05) Boco, Eton; Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted
Sommaire Le présent rapport examine les taux de rétention et d’attraction et les résultats sur le marché du travail des diplômés des établissements d’enseignement postsecondaire publics du Nouveau Brunswick. Il utilise les données du Système d’information sur l’éducation postsecondaire (SIEP) et les données fiscales, qui sont couplées par l’entremise de la Plateforme de liens longitudinaux entre l’éducation et le marché du travail du Réseau canadien des Centres de données de recherche. Les nombres de diplômés, les taux de rétention et les revenus annuels sont présentés selon le genre, la province de résidence permanente, le statut d’immigration, le niveau d’études, le domaine d’études et l’établissement pour la période à l’étude de 2009 à 2016. Nombres Environ de 7 000 à 8 000 étudiants obtiennent un diplôme d’un établissement d’enseignement postsecondaire public du Nouveau-Brunswick (N.-B.) chaque année – un nombre qui diminue lentement. o Environ 3 000 étudiants obtiennent un diplôme d’un programme d’études collégiales. o De 3 000 à 4 000 étudiants obtiennent un diplôme d’un programme d’études de premier cycle. o Environ de 600 à 700 étudiants obtiennent un diplôme d’un programme d’études de cycle supérieur. Taux de rétention En moyenne, 78 % des diplômés demeurent au N.-B. au mois de décembre de l’année de l’obtention de leur diplôme, et 72 % y demeurent deux ans plus tard. o Les diplômés du collégial présentent les taux de rétention les plus élevés (92 % l’année de l’obtention de leur diplôme et 87 % deux ans plus tard). Les taux de rétention sont légèrement moins élevés chez les étudiants de cycle supérieur (70 % et 64 %) et les étudiants de premier cycle (69 % et 61 %). o Les étudiants qui résidaient au N.-B. avant leur admission présentent les taux de rétention les plus élevés (92 % l’année de l’obtention de leur diplôme et 84 % deux ans plus tard). La similarité dans les taux de rétention des diplômés du collégial et des étudiants qui résidaient au N.-B. avant leur admission pourrait s’expliquer par le caractère attirant des collèges communautaires pour les étudiants des communautés environnantes. o Les étudiants canadiens présentent des taux de rétention plus élevés (77 % l’année de l’obtention de leur diplôme et 73 % deux ans plus tard) que les étudiants internationaux (60 % remplissent une déclaration de revenus au N.-B. à la fin de l’année de l’obtention de leur diplôme et 38 % font de même deux ans plus tard). Revenu des diplômés Les diplômés ont un revenu imposable moyen d’environ 36 000 $ pendant la première année complète suivant l’obtention de leur diplôme et d’environ 40 000 $ pendant la deuxième année complète (dollars historiques). o Les différences dans le revenu imposable des diplômés s’expliquent par le niveau et le champ d’études : les titulaires d’un grade de premier cycle ont un revenu imposable plus élevé que les diplômés du collégial, et les titulaires d’un grade supérieur ont le revenu imposable le plus élevé. Après une présentation des résultats et une discussion sur les résultats, le présent rapport compare ses constatations à celles d’un rapport semblable de l’IRDF-NB1 qui utilisait des données différentes, et présente l’incidence de l’utilisation de diverses sources de données et méthodologies sur les résultats de l’étude.
Retention, attraction, and labour market outcomes of post-secondary graduates in New Brunswick
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2021-05) Boco, Eton; Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted
Executive summary This report examines the retention/attraction rates and labour market outcomes of graduates from New Brunswick’s public post-secondary educational institutions. It uses Post-Secondary Information System (PSIS) data and tax data, linked through the Canadian Research Data Centre Network’s Education and Labour Market Longitudinal Platform. Graduate counts, retention rates, and annual incomes are presented according to sex, province of permanent residence, immigration status, level of study, field of study, and institution for the 2009-2016 study period. Counts About 7,000 to 8,000 students graduate from NB public post-secondary institutions each year – a number that has slowly been decreasing. Around 3,000 students graduate from college programs. Between 3,000 to 4,000 students graduate from undergraduate university programs. About 600 to 700 students graduate from graduate-level university programs. Retention rates On average, 78% of graduates remain in NB by the December of their graduation year, and 72% remain two years later. College graduates have the highest retention rates (92% in the year of graduation and 87% two years later). Retention is slightly lower for graduate students (70% and 64%) and undergraduate students (69% and 61%). Students residing in NB prior to admission have the highest retention (92% in graduation year; 84% two years later). The similarity in retention rates for college graduates and students living in NB prior to admission could be due to the attraction that community colleges have for students from surrounding communities. Domestic students have higher retention (77% in graduation year and 73% two years later) than international students (60% file taxes in NB at the end of their graduation year, and 38% do so two years after). Graduate income On average, graduates have a mean taxable income of around $36,000 in their first full year and $40,000 in their second full year after graduation (nominal dollars). Differences in taxable graduate incomes are primarily driven by differences in level and field of study, with undergraduate degree holders having more taxable income than college graduates, and graduate degree holders having the most. Following the presentation and discussion of results, this report compares its findings to those of a similar NB-IRDT report that utilized different data and demonstrates the impact of varying data sources and methodologies on study outcomes.
Self-employment trends in New Brunswick: 1982-2016
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2020) Miah, Pablo; Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted
Introduction The aim of this study is to investigate self-employment trends in New Brunswick over the past three decades – specifically, from 1982 to 2016. Accordingly, this report analyzes the characteristics of self-employed individuals in the province by age, gender, region, and average income. Methodology To estimate self-employment in New Brunswick, this study utilizes the Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD): a longitudinal dataset of tax files with information on income and basic demographics for a 20% sample of tax filers in Canada. The report defines self-employment in two primary ways: Broad – any individual who files self-employment income (including negative) is deemed to be under broad self-employment. Strict – any individual who files net positive self-employment income greater than 50% of their total income is under strict self-employment. If an individual reports self-employment earnings in one year but not in the previous year, he/she is considered an “entrant” to self-employment. Likewise, if a tax filer files self-employment income in one year but not in the following year, he/she is considered a “leaver” from selfemployment. Report Findings Overall, from 1982 to 2016, the number of individuals in broad self-employment has grown, with around 43,000 individuals self-employed in 2016 (7% of the total population aged 15 years and over) as opposed to 31,000 in 1982 (6%). However, estimates for strict self-employment show some fluctuation over the years, with an increasing trend until 1998 with 19,335 individuals (3.3%) followed by a declining trajectory in recent years (16,090 individuals, or 2.6%). The average strict self-employment rate over the 1982-2016 study period is approximately 3%. More males than females are self-employed under both broad and strict selfemployment definitions. However, due to growth in female self-employment (broad and strict) and a gradual decline in male self-employment (broad and strict), the difference has diminished in recent years. The age group comprised of individuals 45-64 years old has the highest numbers for broad and strict self-employment. On average, this age group holds the highest broad self-employment rates (10%) and strict self-employment rates (4.5%). This implies that older groups comprise a significant portion of self-employment while participation of younger population has rather remained low and steady, perhaps due to the aging demographic of the province. Strict self-employment numbers in the Fredericton, Moncton, and Saint John municipalities have remained steady over the last two decades, following an initial increase. In other regions, strict self-employment numbers have gradually declined. Page 7 However, in relation to population changes in respective regions, self-employment rates have remained relatively stable. Broad and strict self-employment numbers in the fisheries and forestry sectors have decreased by at least 50% between 1982 and 2016. Individuals in broad and strict self-employment have experienced mixed trends in average total income, with broad self-employed individuals earning consistently higher incomes than strict self-employed individuals. By definition, average self-employment income from strict self-employment is significantly higher than that of broad self-employment (in which self-employment may be a parttime job), with average incomes of $28,000 and $12,000, respectively, in 2016.
Should I stay or should I go?: employability in educational orientations
(University of New Brunswick, 2020) Boco, Eton; Grant, Stephen; Leonard, Philip
This study investigates labor outcomes for graduates of Canadian institutions, checking for which orientation has the best likelihood for labor market success. Results show that there is no credential that consistently outdoes the others in the labor market. There is no degree, diploma, or certificate that guarantees the best odds in all the outcomes investigated. While holders of university diplomas/certificates higher than Bachelor’s degrees had the best relative income outcomes as well as best odds for being employed years after graduation, trade school diploma/certificate holders had the best odds for finding employment right after graduation. For mismatch odds, Bachelor’s degree holders had the lowest odds of being overqualified, but Doctorate graduates had the highest odds of working in job related to their field of study. By sex, men with Bachelor’s degrees consistently had the best odds best for finding first and current employment - permanent and otherwise.
Tabagisme et insécurité alimentaire au Nouveau-Brunswick
(l’Institut de recherche, de données et de formation du Nouveau-Brunswick, 2019) Emery, Herb; Tarasuk, Valerie; Guo, Xiaolin; Daigle, Bethany; Dutton, Daniel; Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted
The impact of income on the health of Chinese residents
(University of New Brunswick, 2016) Yang, Wudi; Leonard, Philip
Since the implementation of China’s reform and opening up policy in 1978, and with the rapid development of China's economy, individual income has increased significantly, and personal health is becoming a growing issue. This paper, through an empirical study, estimates the impact of income on the following measures of health: Self-reported health (SRH) and Health of last four weeks. This study uses a longitudinal dataset, the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Based on the Grossman (1972) health demand model, logit regression estimates and fixed effect regression estimates, both before and after controlling for different variables and treating age differently, the results indicate that individual income is positively correlated with personal health. More specifically, each 1% increase in an individual’s income for last year is associated with an increase in the odds of health as measured by self-reported health and health for the last four weeks of around 0.045%.
The importance of education and language for the income gap of immigrants in Canada: an empirical comparison of Chinese and Indian immigrants
(University of New Brunswick, 2015) Yi, Ruofeng; Leonard, Philip
Based on the income differentials among native Canadians, Chinese immigrants and Indian immigrants, this report focuses on the educational quality and language proficiency that might account for the income gap. In addition, we study the effect of earnings assimilation throughout the immigration time horizon. On one hand, the statistics and empirical results indicate that education quality and language proficiency explain part of the income gap. On the other hand, the empirical work shows that Chinese and Indian immigrants can assimilate to narrow the income gap, however, the effect of their earnings assimilation is weaker than immigrants outside China and India.
The relationship between education and health in Canada: difference between men and women
(University of New Brunswick, 2015) Liu, Hongjin; Leonard, Philip
The relationship between education and health has been examined by many studies. The purpose of this report is to use Logit model to examine the gradient of education on health, focusing on the difference between males and females using a cross-sectional CCHS data set collected by Statistic Canada. The Logit model tests the gradients of education on four health behaviors, as well as on five health outcomes. Results show that education has significant effect on most health behaviors and health outcomes. In most cases, the difference in the education-health gradient for men is significantly less steep than women.
Tobacco use and food insecurity in New Brunswick
(New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training, 2019) Emery, Herb; Tarasuk, Valerie; Guo, Xiaolin; Daigle, Bethany; Dutton, Daniel; Leonard, Philip; McDonald, Ted
Is smoking tobacco associated with higher rates of food insecurity? Food insecurity refers to a range of experiences – from concerns about running out of food before having enough money to buy more to not eating for a whole day due to a lack of food and money for food. Food insecurity is most prevalent in households with lower incomes, and food insecure families can find themselves in difficult situations in which they have to decide whether to “heat or eat.” In this report, researchers from the New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data and Training (NB-IRDT), the University of New Brunswick, and the University of Toronto examine the relationship between smoking and food insecurity to see if families are also faced with the decision to either “smoke or eat.” Using 2007-2017 data from the Canadian Community Health Survey this report asks whether smoking raises the risk of being food insecure, or smoking has no cause effect on food insecurity due to shared characteristics between smokers and food insecure households. The results show that households with smokers are more likely to be food insecure, though, food insecurity has a stronger relationship with poor health and well-being than tobacco use. Apart from the impact of smoking on food insecurity, this report also finds that individuals most likely to be food insecure are families with younger respondents, females, individuals with low levels of education, renters, urban dwellers, Aboriginals, and recent immigrants. The authors recommend a focus on implementing programs such as counselling, rather than higher taxation on cigarettes, as strategies to decrease tobacco use, as the latter could reduce the purchasing power of families’ incomes, including income available for food.
What is the relationship between industry, occupation, and body weight in Canada?
(University of New Brunswick, 2017) Peng, Saibiao; Leonard, Philip
Overweight and obesity are well known to be associated with negative health outcome. Canadians spend a large portion of their walking hours at work and their level of physical activity (or lack thereof) and eating habits while there likely play a role in their body weight. This study examines the association between industry and occupation of work and the likelihood of overweight and obesity. This paper managed to discover social economic factors and human behavior factors that will help identify groups that are most at risk of being overweight and obese. Cycle 5 of NPHS and all 8 cycles of CCHS are used in log it and fixed-effect models to run regression analysis. Results show that compare to male, female are less likely to become overweight and obese, age has negative effect on people’s body weight, and people who live in Ontario, Birth Columbia have the lowest risk of being overweight and obese. Also the results indicate that the following variables: education, household-income, physical activity and eating habits are negatively associated with being overweight and obese. For industry and occupation, the results show: people who work at public administration and education industry have highest risk to become obese; Occupation as manager or sales contribute most to people’s risk of being obese.

Browsing by Author "Leonard, Philip"

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