Browsing by Author "Yu, Weiqiu"

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    A Measure of Interregional Redistribution
    Ruggeri, G. C.; Yu, Weiqiu
    This paper develops a disaggregated index of interregional distribution generated by federal fiscal activity based on a comparison between relative federal revenues and expenditures assigned to various regions and the pattern of income disparities among regions. To explore the properties of this index, we present three special cases under known degrees of distribution and calculate the indices using the Canadian data for 1996. The local indices are then aggregated to derive a global index qf interregional redistribution. Our results show that the federal fiscal system in 1996 delivered a degree of interregional redistribution 1.8 times what would have been generated under equal per capital expenditures by region and nearly half of the redistribution that equalizes the per capita income via federal expenditures.
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    A Measure of Interregional Redistribution
    Ruggeri, G. C.; Yu, Weiqiu
    This paper develops a disaggregated index of interregional distribution generated by federal fiscal activity based on a comparison between relative federal revenues and expenditures assigned to various regions and the pattern of income disparities among regions. To explore the properties of this index, we present three special cases under known degrees of distribution and calculate the indices using the Canadian data for 1996. The local indices are then aggregated to derive a global index qf interregional redistribution. Our results show that the federal fiscal system in 1996 delivered a degree of interregional redistribution 1.8 times what would have been generated under equal per capital expenditures by region and nearly half of the redistribution that equalizes the per capita income via federal expenditures.
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    Canadian Newsprint in the United States: A Multivariate Conintegration Analysis
    Jee, Keewan; Yu, Weiqiu
    In this paper, Johansen multivariate cointegration tests are adopted to investigate the U.S. demand for Canadian newsprint using monthly data from May 1988 to December 1996 Preliminary data analysis shows that all data are non-stationary which implies that previous results based on simple ordinary least squares are spurious. Johansen multivariate cointegration techniques allow for identifying a long-run relationship as well as a short-run relationship via an error correction model. Among the determinants are the export price of Canadian newsprint to the US., the exchange rate between the two countries, US. personal disposable income, and US. newsprint price.
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    Canadian Newsprint in the United States: A Multivariate Conintegration Analysis
    Jee, Keewan; Yu, Weiqiu
    In this paper, Johansen multivariate cointegration tests are adopted to investigate the U.S. demand for Canadian newsprint using monthly data from May 1988 to December 1996 Preliminary data analysis shows that all data are non-stationary which implies that previous results based on simple ordinary least squares are spurious. Johansen multivariate cointegration techniques allow for identifying a long-run relationship as well as a short-run relationship via an error correction model. Among the determinants are the export price of Canadian newsprint to the US., the exchange rate between the two countries, US. personal disposable income, and US. newsprint price.
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    Capital Income Taxation, Labour Supply and Work Effort
    Ruggeri, G. C.; Yu, Weiqiu
    Although it is well-known that, in life cycle models of consumption and labour supply, capital income taxation affects the labour supply through the normal income effect, this interaction between capital income taxation and labour market behaviour is usually confined to the voluntary savings of consumers who wish to smooth the pattern of consumption through their lifetime. We show in this paper that the interaction maybe widespread. Three channels through which capital income taxation may affect labour market behaviour are identified: first, capital income taxes may alter the lifetime labour supply when workers are constrained on hours of work; second, they may affect labour supply in the case where consumers target a certain level of lifetime consumption; finally, they may influence work effort in an efficiency wage model.
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    Capital Income Taxation, Labour Supply and Work Effort
    Ruggeri, G. C.; Yu, Weiqiu
    Although it is well-known that, in life cycle models of consumption and labour supply, capital income taxation affects the labour supply through the normal income effect, this interaction between capital income taxation and labour market behaviour is usually confined to the voluntary savings of consumers who wish to smooth the pattern of consumption through their lifetime. We show in this paper that the interaction maybe widespread. Three channels through which capital income taxation may affect labour market behaviour are identified: first, capital income taxes may alter the lifetime labour supply when workers are constrained on hours of work; second, they may affect labour supply in the case where consumers target a certain level of lifetime consumption; finally, they may influence work effort in an efficiency wage model.
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    Environmental pollution and economic growth in China
    (University of New Brunswick, 2021) Zhao, Yixin; Yu, Weiqiu
    The rapid economic growth in China has greatly impacted its environment and people’s quality of life across China in the past four decades. In this report, using a panel data set of 31 Chinese provinces from 2004 to 2017 and both panel econometric models and special econometric regressions, I estimate the relationship between environmental pollution (as measured by industrial sulfur dioxide emissions) and economic growth while controlling for four other variables, and find that (i) China’s economic growth impacts its environmental pollution through a decreasing, rather than the more commonly known inverted U-shaped relationship; and (ii) environmental pollution in one province is directly associated with the environmental pollution in its neighboring provinces. Based on the regression results, I recommend that government increase investments in high value-added, renewable, and low-carbon industries and encourage cooperation between neighboring provincial governments to ensure stable and sustainable economic growth while protecting the environment.
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    Federal Fiscal Balances and Redistribution in Canada, 1992-96
    Ruggeri, G. C.; Yu, Weiqiu
    This article identifies the major methodological issues involved in the calculation of federal fiscal balances by province. Using data from the Provincial Economic Accounts (PEA) and National Income Accounts, we calculate four sets of balances for the period 1992-1996, namely basic balances, primary balances, balanced budget balances with tax increases and balanced budget balances with spending cuts, under different assumptions. For comparison purposes, we also include federal fiscal balances contained in the PEA based on the cash-flow approach. The results show that federal fiscal balances by province vary significantly from one method to another. In particular, the basic balances calculated using our approach yield substantially lower gains to the net beneficiary provinces and lower costs to the net contributor provinces than balances based on the cash-flow approach. Eliminating the interest on the public debt or the federal deficit increases the contributions by the "better off" provinces and reduces the gains to the net beneficiary provinces. We also calculate some indices of redistribution among provinces generated by the federal fisc and find that the degree of redistribution was modest under all methods of calculations.
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    Federal Fiscal Balances and Redistribution in Canada, 1992-96
    Ruggeri, G. C.; Yu, Weiqiu
    This article identifies the major methodological issues involved in the calculation of federal fiscal balances by province. Using data from the Provincial Economic Accounts (PEA) and National Income Accounts, we calculate four sets of balances for the period 1992-1996, namely basic balances, primary balances, balanced budget balances with tax increases and balanced budget balances with spending cuts, under different assumptions. For comparison purposes, we also include federal fiscal balances contained in the PEA based on the cash-flow approach. The results show that federal fiscal balances by province vary significantly from one method to another. In particular, the basic balances calculated using our approach yield substantially lower gains to the net beneficiary provinces and lower costs to the net contributor provinces than balances based on the cash-flow approach. Eliminating the interest on the public debt or the federal deficit increases the contributions by the "better off" provinces and reduces the gains to the net beneficiary provinces. We also calculate some indices of redistribution among provinces generated by the federal fisc and find that the degree of redistribution was modest under all methods of calculations.
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    Fiscal Illusion and the Perceived Price of Provincial Government Output in Canada
    Dickson, Vaughan; Yu, Weiqiu
    This paper examines if how governments finance themselves can influence the perceived price of and hence demand for government output. Using a standard model for government output and a panel data set often Canadian provinces for the period 1961 to 1992, we find that tax revenues are perceived more acutely than other major revenues (borrowing, federal transfers, investment income) and some taxes are recognized more than others. We also find learning by taxpayers (declining fiscal illusion) during the period and that lower increases in perceived tax prices lead to more seats for incumbent politicians.
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    Fiscal Illusion and the Perceived Price of Provincial Government Output in Canada
    Dickson, Vaughan; Yu, Weiqiu
    This paper examines if how governments finance themselves can influence the perceived price of and hence demand for government output. Using a standard model for government output and a panel data set often Canadian provinces for the period 1961 to 1992, we find that tax revenues are perceived more acutely than other major revenues (borrowing, federal transfers, investment income) and some taxes are recognized more than others. We also find learning by taxpayers (declining fiscal illusion) during the period and that lower increases in perceived tax prices lead to more seats for incumbent politicians.
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    Impact of remittances and remittance volatility on real effective exchange rate in Nigeria
    (University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Adibi, Amechi Anthony; Yu, Weiqiu
    Remittances constitute a major contributor to capital inflow in many low- and middle-income countries. Nigeria receives the highest proportion of the remittances in sub-Sahara Africa (40.2% in 2021). Despite the positive impact of remittances on the recipient households, its impact on the key macroeconomic variables like real effective exchange rate could leave undesirable outcomes for the country through the loss of trade competitiveness. Using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) methodology, the study finds that increase in remittances leads to a depreciation of the real exchange rate and shows no evidence of Dutch-disease in Nigeria. This means that increase in remittances into Nigeria does not negatively affect her trade competitiveness in the world market. Furthermore, remittance volatility resulted in appreciation of the real effective rate, although the result is not statistically significant.
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    Income gap between urban and rural areas in China
    (University of New Brunswick, 2021) Du, Yunge; Yu, Weiqiu
    Since economic reform beginning in 1978, China’s economy has grown rapidly resulting in higher standard of living for both urban and rural residents. However , the income gap between urban and rural residents continues to expand. Using time series data from 1978 to 2019 and cointegration technique, I find that (i) in the long run China’s Dual Economic Structure Dependence on Foreign Trade and Difference Between Urban and Rural Consumption expand the income gap while the Urbanization and Proportion of Agriculture in GDP reduce the income gap between urban and rural residents ; and (in the short run, only the Dual Economic Structure and the Difference Between Urban and Rural Consumption have a significant impact on the urban rural income gap. Accordingly , I recommend the governments increase investments in agricultural technology and training programs promote the export of agricultural products, and encourage the rural residents to consume more by increasing agricultural subsidies.
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    Internet use and the gender wage gap in China
    (University of New Brunswick, 2021) Wang, Ting; Yu, Weiqiu
    The use of internet increases the frequency of communication and flexibility of work, which has a far reaching impact on wage distribution in China. This report examines the impact of internet use (IU) on the gender wage gap (GWG) in China. Using a cross-sectional data set from the Chinese General Social Survey for 2013, 2015, and 2017, I conduct the Oaxaca-Blinder and quantile decompositions based on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and quantile regressions, and find that (i) IU has a positive impact on the hourly wages for both men and women; (ii) IU reduces the GWG in China over time; and (iii) the explained factors (e.g., education, experience) reduce the GWG while unexplained factors (e.g., gender discrimination) widen the GWG at different quartiles of wages and across different age groups. These findings have important policy implications and provide evidence of IU leading to a reduced GWG in China.
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    Measures of Obesity for Canada and New Brunswick
    Edwards, Mike; Ruggeri, Joe; Yu, Weiqiu
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    Measures of Obesity for Canada and New Brunswick
    Edwards, Mike; Ruggeri, Joe; Yu, Weiqiu
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    On the Dimensions of Human Capital: An Analytic Framework
    Ruggeri, G. C.; Yu, Weiqiu
    Human capital is becoming increasingly important in today's knowledge-based economy. However, existing definitions of human capital are too narrow to capture fully the implications of public policy on human capital formation and utilization. This paper proposes a broad definition of human capital which includes four dimensions of human capital: (a) potential, (b) acquisition, (c) availability, and (d) effectiveness. It discusses various policies that can affect human capital within this framework. It shows that the broader definition can help identify links through which human capital moves from one stage to another; and develop a research agenda that takes a comprehensive look at the impact of different policies on human capital.
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    On the Dimensions of Human Capital: An Analytic Framework
    Ruggeri, G. C.; Yu, Weiqiu
    Human capital is becoming increasingly important in today's knowledge-based economy. However, existing definitions of human capital are too narrow to capture fully the implications of public policy on human capital formation and utilization. This paper proposes a broad definition of human capital which includes four dimensions of human capital: (a) potential, (b) acquisition, (c) availability, and (d) effectiveness. It discusses various policies that can affect human capital within this framework. It shows that the broader definition can help identify links through which human capital moves from one stage to another; and develop a research agenda that takes a comprehensive look at the impact of different policies on human capital.
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    Risk factors for Conduct Disorder among Canadian children: a focus on childhood-onset Conduct Disorder
    (University of New Brunswick, 2017) Swarna, Hepsi; Yu, Weiqiu
    Childhood-onset Conduct Disorder (CD) is a serious mental health issue. Research has shown that when CD affects a child under 10, the problems are more likely to persist as the child grows up. Research has also shown that there are many risk factors associated with CD. However, there have been no known studies conducted for Canada looking exclusively at risk factors for childhood-onset CD. This thesis quantitatively assesses the impact of risk factors identified in the Canadian "National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth" (NLSCY): Cycles 1 & 3 on childhood-onset CD using binary response regressions. This research concluded that major risk factors associated with childhood-onset CD in Canada include: being a male, comorbidity with ADHD, low income, low parental education, maternal depression, family dysfunction, hostile/ineffective parenting, yelling at a child often, exposure to violence in home, parental smoking, and mother being very young at the birth of the child.
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    Spending By Canadian Provincial Governments 1961-92
    Dickson, Vaughan; Yu, Weiqiu
    This paper investigates annual per adult spending by the ten provincial governments for the period 1962 to 1992 using a demand function model of public spending. The model is estimated using a panel data set of 310 observations covering ten provinces and thirty-one years. Real government spending per adult and its major subcomponents (transfers to persons, fixed investment and spending on goods and services) are the dependent variables. The estimating procedure corrects for groupwise heteroscedasticity and cross-group correlation. Among the conclusions are that provincial spending and its sub-components (particularly fixed investment) follow an electoral cycle, that left wing governments spend more than right wing governments (but not with respect to all spending components), that provincial governments adjust spending in response to unemployment, and that spending increases with increases in per capita income (but not to the extent predicted by Wagner's Law) and with decreases in the perceived tax price of services.