Open Theses & Dissertations

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Exploring children’s experiences in the digital environment: A narrative inquiry based on an interdisciplinary approach to child rights
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Joudaki, Shiva; Vaghri, Ziba; Downes, Daniel
The research explores young people’s experiences in the digital environment, emphasizing their perception of children’s digital rights. Children participated as advisors and interview subjects to share their online communication narratives. A Child Advisory Board, consisting of 14 local children, collaborated with this research and collectively discussed their digital rights. Next, five members voluntarily participated in one-on-one interviews. Implementing narrative inquiry, the research identifies risk and protective factors in children’s digital experiences and potential interventions to improve them. Balanced risk exposure, mitigated by protective factors like parental or peer guidance, can build online resilience. The study reveals that resilient children are better equipped to handle challenges than those who are overly protected. Understanding children’s experiences is a prerequisite for planning any interventions to safeguard them and uphold their rights. Interdisciplinary collaboration among politicians, digital platform industries, and child rights experts is crucial for promoting online safety without compromising children’s rights.
Advancing VTR flow: Integrating ABC9 via Yosys for enhanced technology mapping and optimization
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Jafarof, Navid; Kent, Kenneth B.
This thesis delves into optimizing the Verilog-to-Routing (VTR) flow, which is crucial in open-source Computer-Aided Design and Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) architecture research. It utilizes ODIN II and Parmys for synthesis, ABC for technology mapping, and Versatile Place and Route for packing, placement, and routing. ABC9 optimizations are implemented as a pass within the Yosys Open SYnthesis Suite, which is utilized in the Parmys front-end, besides the partial mapper of ODIN II. Integrating the ABC9 pass enhances technology mapping and optimizations in the VTR workflow, surpassing the conventional ABC tool and improving results for large and complex designs. The ABC9 pass optimizes timing behavior in complex multi-clock designs and incorporates a delay model for hard blocks in the target FPGA architecture. Various benchmarks evaluate the workflow’s efficacy across diverse designs, including small-scale and large-scale ones with hard blocks, soft logic, and digital signal processors (DSP). This ensures a comprehensive assessment across different complexities and FPGA utilization scenarios.
The role of religion in fostering peaceful relationships between Christians and Muslims in Egypt
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Hariz, Ibrahim; Valk, John
While religion is often seen as a source of conflict and tension between Egyptian Muslims and Christians, the teachings of Islam and Christianity have historically and in the present been sources of mutual tolerance and coexistence. Political speeches, religious teachings, practices, rituals and ceremonies, social gatherings, and institutions all play a role in demonstrating religious influence on peaceful relations. My research shows that the teachings of Islam and Christianity can promote peace. It also focuses on how the teachings on peace, which are foundational to both Muslims and Christians worldwide, have also influenced the relationship between Christians (Catholics, Orthodox, Evangelical, and Protestant) and Muslims (Sunnis) in Egypt in the period c. 1950–2019. Further, it investigates the influence of those teachings on politics, socio-cultural behaviour, and religious education in Egypt by examining political speeches, religious practices, and institutions that encouraged tolerance and cooperation during the study period c. 1950-2019. It will be concluded that, conflicts notwithstanding, the teachings of Islam and Christianity have played an overall positive role in promoting peace between Christians and Muslims in Egypt.
Resilience against APTs: A provenance-based dataset and attack detection framework
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Ghiasvand, Erfan; Ghorbani, Ali; Ray, Suprio
The IIoT devices integrate different intelligent sensors, advanced analytics, and robust connectivity within industrial processes. IIoT is susceptible to various attack vectors, with APTs posing a particularly grave concern due to their stealthy and targeted nature. However, existing cybersecurity datasets often lack crucial attributes for APT detection in IIoT environments. The first contribution of this research is to propose CICADA-IIoT, a novel APT dataset in the IIoT setting that includes essential information for the APT detection task. To achieve this, a testbed for IIoT is developed, and over 20 attack techniques frequently used in APT campaigns are included that create some of the invariant phases of an APT campaign. In addition, a self-supervised machine learning-based framework utilizing the heterogeneous nature of the provenance graph data for APT detection is proposed.
Understanding population dynamics using the predictive ability of models
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Gebreyohannes, Demissew Tsigemelak; Houlahan, Jeff
The investigation into what determines population dynamics persists as a central and unresolved issue within the field of ecology. One of the key areas of discussion is the relative importance of density dependent versus density independent factors. The concept of density dependence implies that current abundance is determined by historical abundance. I developed four models – two density dependent (Gompertz and Logistic) and two density independent ('Mean' and 'Trend’) - to predict population size one year beyond the training set and used predictive performance on more than 16,000 populations from 14 datasets to compare the understanding captured by those models. If density dependent population regulation is common then we expect that the Logistic and Gompertz models will, on average, make better predictions than the ‘Mean’ or ‘Trend’ models. I concluded that there is a weak evidence of density dependent population regulation. I also conducted further assessment of the predictive ability of two density-dependent models with covariates (Gompertz and Logistic, incorporating environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, salinity, pH, and interspecific competition index) and two density-independent models ('Mean' and 'Trend,' also considering covariates and interspecific competition). I concluded that there was limited evidence that incorporating interspecific competition and/or environmental covariates led to improved model predictive ability, corroborating that there is weak evidence of density dependent population regulation. I further interrogated the predictive abilities of cutting-edge models, ARIMA and EDM (Empirical dynamic modelling), on population data. Within the ARIMA models, the low-dimensional parametric ARIMA model - specifically, one treating the mean of the most recent observations as the prediction - yielded the most accurate predictions across the majority of datasets. In EDM, employing an approach that resembles the mean of the previous 2 – 6 years yielded the best predictive ability. Overall, I presented evidence indicating that widespread density-dependent population regulation is weak, particularly based on the performance of density-dependent models, and I also evaluated the predictive abilities of cutting-edge models, implying weak supporting evidence for density-dependent population regulation.
Elucidating the relationship between anxiety and working memory: An examination of domain-general and domain-specific interference
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Gallant, Jennifer; Stevanovski, Biljana
While research consistently links high levels of anxiety to poor working memory performance, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship have been widely debated. Under Processing Efficiency Theory/Attention Control Theory (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992), the relationship is said to reflect domain-general interference, where anxiety disrupts broad central executive functions within working memory (e.g., filtering irrelevant stimuli). Conversely, proponents of the Two Component Model (Vytal et al., 2012) argue for domain-specific interference, where specific aspects of anxiety (i.e., worry and arousal) interfere with specific working memory domains (i.e., phonological and visuospatial, respectively). The current research compared these two models and considered Moran’s (2016) claim that the models are complementary. Undergraduate students (N=60) completed a simple change detection task to examine baseline working memory capacity and a complex change detection task to examine filtering efficiency. These tasks were completed with both phonological (words) stimuli and visuospatial (faces) stimuli. In the complex change detection task, participants were instructed to remember target stimuli while ignoring distractor stimuli, the latter of which were either neutral or threatening (i.e., negatively valenced) in nature. Participants also self-reported their levels of trait arousal and trait worry. Linear mixed effects model comparisons were conducted across phonological and visuospatial versions of the simple and the complex change detection task. Results from the complex change detection task with phonological stimuli highlight a domain-general relationship between worry and working memory. Results from the complex change detection task with visuospatial stimuli highlight domain-specific interference of arousal with visuospatial working memory in terms of accuracy, but a domain-general relationship was observed between arousal and processing efficiency (i.e., response time). Examination of performance on the baseline change detection task revealed no support for explanatory models. Regression analyses highlighted unique predictive effects of baseline working memory storage capacity on filtering efficiency as a function of stimulus type (i.e., phonological versus visuospatial) and nature of distractors (i.e., threat or neutral). Implications of results in terms of elucidating the nature of the relationship between trait anxiety (i.e., worry and arousal) and working memory are considered, along with discussion of limitations and directions for future research in this area.
Understanding and addressing psychopathology and well-being in Canadian university student-athletes
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Fitzpatrick, Siobhan Kaleigh; Olthuis, Janine
The university student-athlete population is at risk for experiencing more psychopathology and lower well-being compared to their non-athlete counterparts, with female athletes, first-year athletes, and in-season athletes demonstrating heightened vulnerability. Yet, few, if any, studies have investigated the association between psychopathology and well-being in Canadian student-athletes, and research has not sought to understand the implications of any association for Canadian student-athletes’ functioning (i.e., academic performance, social functioning, physical health, and athletic success). Moreover, despite an identified need in the field, minimal effort has been made to construct and evaluate the implementation of well-being interventions for student-athletes. This dissertation includes two studies with two overarching aims: (1) to examine the intersection of well-being and psychopathology in student-athletes, and (2) to evaluate, using Proctor et al.’s (2011) framework, the implementation of a novel well-being intervention for student-athletes. Study 1 participants were 242 Canadian university student-athletes who completed an online self-report survey assessing psychopathology and well-being alongside academic attitudes, perceived social support, physical health, and subjective sport performance. Results revealed a significant negative correlation between psychopathology and well-being, with most student-athletes (69%) classified as possessing complete mental health (i.e., high well-being, low psychopathology) according to the dual-factor model. Female (vs. male) student-athletes demonstrated increased risk for anxiety and depression, but no other differences emerged for gender, university year, or season status on dual-factor model categorization. Dual-factor model categorization did, however, result in differences in athletic, social, and physical health functioning. In Study 2, four varsity teams (n = 66 student-athletes) participated in a single session well-being intervention. An analysis of intervention implementation did not provide support for the feasibility of the intervention in its current form, although the intervention was highly acceptable by key stakeholders. Taken together, findings from both studies provide much-needed data on Canadian student-athlete mental health and well-being and their implications for functioning, alongside valuable suggestions for ways to more successfully tailor and implement an intervention to promote student-athlete well-being.
The topological and algebraic Picard groups
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Dunphy, Cole; Cacic, Branimir; Touikan, Nicholas
The Picard group of a compact Hausdorff space is the group of isomorphism classes of line bundles over that space. The Picard group of an algebra is the group of isomorphism classes of line modules over that algebra. In this thesis, we show that in the case of C(X) the algebra of continuous complex-valued functions over a compact Hausdorff space X, isomorphism classes of balanced line modules over C(X) are in bijection with isomorphism classes of line bundles over X, showing the relationship between the two types of Picard groups. In the second part of this thesis, we prove that, in general, the Picard group of a finite-dimensional semisimple complex algebra is isomorphic to the symmetric group on the number of components of the algebra’s Wedderburn decomposition.
To her credit: Information gathering agencies and female business involvement in Saint John, New Brunswick, 1853-1873
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Chénier, Tiffany Anne; Tozer, Angela
This thesis examines what information-gathering enterprises, credit reports and directories, focused on curating business information can tell us about the state of female entrepreneurship and business involvement in Saint John, New Brunswick, between 1853 and 1873. Examining the contribution of women found within the Saint John Dun & Co. credit reports for the years 1853-1876, we can best understand how women contributed to credit within the local business economy. The reports expressed their involvement in four ways: as wives, mothers, widows, or business owners. To counterbalance the limitations of female business ownership recorded in credit reports, the McAlpine directories for 1869-1873, which overlapped with the period found in credit entries, were used as an information-gathering source that placed a greater agency on women’s self-identification through their personal listing and advertisements. Together, these sources provided a better picture of women’s entrepreneurial endeavours within Saint John during this period.
Petrogenetic evaluation of the Cape Spencer gold deposit system, southern New Brunswick, Canada
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Cardenas Vera, Alan Fernando; Lentz, David R.
The Cape Spencer gold deposit, southeast of Saint John, New Brunswick, presents features and characteristics of orogenic gold deposits with gold mineralization and associated alteration concentrated along strongly faulted and sheared contacts between the deformed lithologies in the Cape Spencer area. Although the fundamental controls of the late faults and thrust in the region are known, further constraints on the metals’ source, fluid channels, and timing of ore deposition were necessary to better understand the distribution of gold mineralization and the link with the development of the northern Appalachians and its related tectonic activity. U-Pb geochronology of monazite from leucocratic dykes that crosscut the various deformation fabrics associated with the gold mineralization provided an upper constraint age of 273.7 ± 1.3 Ma to ore deposition. Further study of these dykes indicated they were the result of partial melting of a crustal source with assimilation of Meguma metasedimentary rocks and/or Avalonian sedimentary rocks, based on their Nd-Hf isotopic signatures and whole-rock geochemistry composition. In situ 40Ar/39Ar and Rb-Sr geochronology was performed on illites linked to the alteration associated with the gold mineralization, and the geochronology results indicated different illite populations resulting from continuous recrystallization events occurring below the closure temperature for illite. Therefore, an age around ~300 Ma seems reasonable as a main illite crystallization event that further constrains the illitic alteration associated with the gold mineralization to ~ 300 – 318 Ma, when considering the age of the Lancaster Formation, the youngest unit affected by the hydrothermal fluid. Three generations of hydrothermal pyrite (Py1, Py2, and Py3) showing distinct textural, mineral paragenetic characteristics, and elemental compositions were identified in the ore bodies. In situ S and bulk pyrite Pb isotope analyses indicated the involvement of both Avalonian and Meguma intrusive and metasedimentary rocks as sources for the hydrothermal fluids and metals in the Cape Spencer gold deposit. The evolution of the ore-forming fluids is characterized by a decrease of δ34S values from the first pyrite generation (Py1) towards the last identified pyrite generation (Py3) that result from wall-rock sulphidation and phase separation as the main gold precipitation mechanisms.
Examining the mental representations formed by programmers during parallel program comprehension
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Bidlake, Leah; Aubanel, Eric; Voyer, Daniel
Modifying, debugging, optimizing, and extending existing code are common tasks programmers perform that require them to understand code by forming mental representations. Understanding these mental representations is important for informing instructional practices and the development of visualizations and tools that are effective in assisting programmers with these tasks. This work represents the first published empirical research on mental representations formed during program comprehension using parallel code. The systematic literature review conducted in Article I found that no empirical research on mental representations formed during program comprehension had previously been conducted using parallel code. Prior work on mental representations using sequential code found that programmers form a program model and a situation model of varying strengths depending on the task, expertise, and programming language. Given the considerable differences between sequential and parallel programming, it was not possible to determine if the results of the research using sequential code would resemble the mental representations formed during parallel program comprehension. An execution model had been proposed but had not previously been empirically studied. Due to the lack of prior work on program comprehension using parallel code, a pilot study was conducted in Article II involving expert parallel programmers. The pilot study determined that the level of difficulty of the stimuli and parameters of the study were appropriate for the target population. The pilot study was followed by the main study in Article III. The results of this study provided the first empirical evidence that programmers form an execution model during the comprehension of parallel code. Article IV studied the progression of mental representations of experienced programmers while they were learning parallel programming. This study also introduced a novel method for externalizing and analyzing mental representations formed during program comprehension. Article IV found that as programmers learn parallel programming they form a stronger execution model while their situation model becomes weaker. Article III and IV also identified themes related to the components of code programmers use to determine the presence of data races in parallel code. This work forms a basis for future research on program comprehension in the parallel programming paradigm.
A novel transformer-based multi-step approach for predicting common vulnerability severity score
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Bahmanisangesari, Saeid; Ghorbani, Ali A.; Isah, Haruna
The timely prediction of Common Vulnerability Severity Scores (CVSS) following the release of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) announcements is crucial for enhancing cybersecurity responsiveness. A delay in acquiring these scores may make it more difficult to prioritize risks effectively, resulting in the misallocation of resources and a delay in mitigating actions. Long exposure to untreated vulnerabilities also raises the possibility of exploitative attacks, which could lead to serious breaches of security that compromise data integrity and harm users and organizations. This thesis develops a multi-step predictive model that leverages DistilBERT, a distilled version of the BERT architecture, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to predict CVSS scores prior to their official release. Utilizing a dataset from the National Vulnerability Database (NVD), the research examines the effectiveness of incorporating contextual information from CVE source identifiers and the benefits of incremental learning in improving model accuracy. The models achieved better results compared to the top-performing models among other works with an average accuracy of 91.96% in predicting CVSS category scores and an average F1 score of 91.87%. The results demonstrate the model’s capability to predict CVSS scores across multiple categories effectively, thereby potentially reducing the response time to cybersecurity threats.
Labrador coastal current and productivity variations offshore Nain (Nunatsiavut) during the late Holocene
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Atkinson, Margaret; Limoges, Audrey; Normandeau, Alexandre
The Labrador Coastal Current (LCC) has a strong influence on the coastal ecosystems and climate along the Labrador coast. With anthropogenic climate warming, it is not well known how changes in the LCC will affect future coastal ecosystems and associated subsistence resources that are crucial to northern communities. I present a high-resolution record of changes in the sea-surface and near-bottom conditions of the LCC during the last 3200 years based on multiple proxies extracted from a sediment core. The data show multi-centennial variations in the LCC, including significant changes in the sedimentary and biogenic proxies that were coeval with regional-scale changes in ocean and/or atmospheric circulation (i.e., North Atlantic Oscillation), and intervals of decreased LCC strength during intervals of inferred weaker Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and polar water influence. This study highlights the complex nature of the LCC and provides baseline data for the calibration of climate models.
Machine learning towards automated discovery of organic molecules as active materials in non-aqueous redox flow batteries
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-06) Anderson, E. Claire; De Baerdemacker, Stijn
With increasing demand for energy and the resources needed to provide this energy, redox flow batteries (RFBs) have shown potential as large-scale electrochemical energy storage systems. In this project, interest lies in the automated discovery of organic redox-active materials that undergo both oxidation and reduction reactions for symmetric non-aqueous RFBs. Machine learning methods were applied to automate the generation of organic molecules followed by the application of a genetic algorithm (GA) to improve the generated population. A set of molecules were constructed through a series of random choices under set structural parameters. Multiple GA generations were run on a selected population where two randomly chosen molecules combine their structural features to generate new molecules. All molecules were characterized computationally to determine their cell potential, stability, and solubility values used to assess their capabilities as redox-active materials. A set of top-ranking molecules have been proposed as potential candidates for non-aqueous RFBs.
Application and expansion of wood-based derivatives as reinforcement of packaging
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-05) Zhou, Yuyang; Gong, Meng
Fiber-based energy absorption tubes could be designed as corner post reinforcement for packaging. This thesis explored the impact of geometric parameters, material composition, and relative humidity (RH) on the mechanical properties of fiber-based tubes, designed as reinforcement for corrugated cardboard boxes. It examined the compressive response of boxes under varying RH conditions, noting that an increase in RH from 50% to 90% significantly reduced peak load (plc) and specific energy absorption (SEA) by up to 20%. Moisture adversely affected the modulus of elasticity, inducing buckling in longer columns and crushing in shorter ones. Both types of columns showed a 20% reduction in performance at greater lengths. The findings underscored the effectiveness of fiber-based reinforcements in enhancing the compression resistance of cardboard packaging, with increases of approximately 230% and 710% for paper-based and veneer-based reinforcements, respectively. A 20% RH increase resulted in a 40% decrease in the compression strength of the packaging.
‘I’m Not Alone’: The experiences of peer supporters delivering university based support
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-05) Moores, Andrea; Rowett, Jenny; Landine, Jeffrey
Peer support programs at universities are growing, where people who’ve faced their own mental health challenges help others. These programs could aid in student mental health promotion, but proper support and planning is needed. The dominant challenge of integration into existing systems historically has been role ambiguity, given the multitude of peer support models in place across organizations and a lack of awareness of peer support. This study utilized narrative inquiry, thematic and structural analysis to explore the experiences of university-based peer supporters. Findings indicate the peer support role is centered around sharing similar experiences, addressing the complex needs of international students, student sexual violence, and students hesitant to access mental health support. Maintaining boundaries, and the ambiguity of peer support were identified challenges. Ensuring quality supervision and marketing of peer support to students were suggested as supportive factors.
“White [Queer] Tears”: Tracing the evolving understandings of ‘Tenderqueer’ on Tiktok and X
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-05) Clark-Nason, Void; Dafnos, Tia
Wishing to investigate an academically unexplored queer online phenomenon, this thesis traces the discussions happening surrounding the term tenderqueer on popular social media websites X and Tiktok. Employing a critical thematic analysis informed by critical race theory and homonormativity, I explore how users employ the term tenderqueer as a descriptor for young white queer people insularly focused on self-victimization. Through my analysis, I highlight how tenderqueer discussions are intimately connected to the white domination of queer spaces, the (re)enforcement of the Palatable [White] Gay, and homonormative morality policing. I argue that tenderqueer behaviour involves the weaponization of marginalized identities and advocacy language to create a culture of white [queer] enablement where racialized queer people are silenced in online spaces. I also link my research to the recent wave of sexual morality politics online and propose it as an off-shoot of emerging right-wing populism throughout the global North.
Only Young: A novel & critical introduction
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-04) Webb-Campbell, Shannon; Sinclair, Sue; Andrews, Jennifer
My novel, Only Young, and its accompanying critical introduction explore specific lived realities and difficult circumstances surrounding Newfoundland’s ongoing struggle with Indigeneity and identity in the wake of the Qalipu Mi’kmaq First Nation enrolment process. Only Young is named after a well-known colloquial Newfoundland phrase describing a lack of maturity or experience. This creative thesis is a coming-of-age story that portrays the complexities of Indigenous identity in Newfoundland from the perspective of a young Two-Spirit character, Sarah, whose story resembles my own. Only Young’s primary narrative takes place partly in Newfoundland and partly in Ontario and is set in 2011, when Qalipu Mi’kmaq First Nation Band was recognized by the federal government. The novel also flashes back to Mi’kmaq characters living at the time of Newfoundland’s 1949 Confederation with Canada. The dissertation examines these events and the narratives surrounding them primarily via Sarah’s exploration of both the colonial constructions of identity, and her larger family’s relationship to her ancestral lands and body. Despite hesitations, Sarah goes on a road trip from Ontario to western Newfoundland with her estranged father Charlie to his small Mi’kmaq community where he attempts to make amends. The road trip ends abruptly during a fatal snowstorm and an encounter with a moose. The novel portrays some of the implications of newfound identity on individuals who have sought band membership since 2011. Through Only Young, I examine how colonialism continues to fracture the identity of the Qalipu Mi’kmaq peoples and perpetuate trauma, creating a sense of estrangement or unbelonging through government-dictated criteria and selection processes for band members. My story is complicated by the fact that the Mi’kmaq Grand Council, the traditional government of the Mi’kmaq people across Canada, has also refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Qalipu Mi’kmaq First Nation Band and its members. Prefaced by a sixty-page critical introduction that surveys recent Indigenous work on identity formation, trauma and healing, my novel examines the theoretical and fictional implications of being part of the Qalipu Mi’kmaq tribe, regardless of band status.
Second harmonic based method to detect geomagnetically induced currents in power transformers
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-04) Zundel, Eric Walter; Saleh, Saleh A.
Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) are quasi-dc currents triggered by inter-actions between the Earth’s magnetic field and charged particles released by the sun during coronal mass ejections. These currents flow through grounding circuits (such as grounded power transformers) into power systems, and can damage power system components. A power transformer with a GIC flow experiences half-cycle saturation, causing harmonic distortion and increased reactive power demands. As a result, power transformers can suffer damage, mal-operation of protective devices, tripping of compensation devices, and degraded power quality. Various methods have been developed to respond to GIC flows, the majority of which identify the need for blocking of GIC flows. To block GIC flows, a method to accurately detect GIC is required. This thesis focuses on the development of an effective measure to detect the GIC flow. The desired detection measure is based on the second harmonic component extracted from power transformer differential currents.
Codes with Singleton defects of one and two
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-04) Zhang, Zhipeng; Alderson, Tim
This thesis covers codes with Singleton defects of one and two. The discussion on codes with a Singleton defect of one begins by introducing almost MDS and near MDS codes, then proceeds to explore the maximum lengths of MDS and near MDS codes. This part of the discussion concludes by proving some results using projective geometry. Following this, the thesis shifts its focus to studying almost almost MDS and near near MDS codes, which are codes with a Singleton defect of two. This analysis begins with definitions of almost almost MDS and near near MDS codes, followed by an exploration of the differences between these codes within the context of projective geometry, and ends with an upper bound on the length of long almost almost MDS codes.

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