Open Theses & Dissertations

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Importance of demographics and vital rates to cavity-nesting waterfowl in the lower Saint John River of New Brunswick, Canada
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-02) Sonnleitner, Jared; Nocera, Joseph
To assist management of cavity-nesting waterfowl in the lower Saint John River, New Brunswick, Canada area, I used historical nest box data, the Motus Wildlife tracking system, and band recovery data to create a population model using a population viability analysis (PVA). I discovered that reproduction (i.e., number of eggs hatched) was positively density-dependent for common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), although no density-dependent effects were detected for wood ducks (Aix sponsa) or hooded mergansers (Lophodytes cucullatus). Survival estimates revealed that juvenile female wood duck survival was lower than that of any other age or sex class and appears to have decreased since the 1960’s. Finally, the PVA I created revealed similar results to a less-detailed previous model, although percent of females breeding for wood ducks appears to be more important than previously thought. Management should focus on improving hatching success and age 0-1 survival through the proper provisioning of nest boxes and habitat enhancements.
Development of a self-tapping screw steel plate connection for a cross laminated timber tiny house
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-02) Shen, Linchao; Gong, Meng; Lloyd, Alan
A stiff, strong hold-down connection would be the key element of unleashing the full strength and stiffness potential of a cross-laminated timber (CLT) tiny house. This thesis was aimed at developing a CLT connection made of simple material including self-tapping screws (STSs) and steel plates that could be used in CLT tiny house hold-down. Finite element (FE) analysis and experimental tests were the two methods used. It was found that 1) the most influential elastic parameter of FE analysis was the modulus of elasticity and shear modulus in the longitudinal and tangential plane of the CLT in the major strength direction; 2) The peak load and ductility of Type 3 could be improved by 28% and 33% compared to Type 1, respectively; 3) Type 3 could generate similar performance in vertical and horizontal directions in terms of stiffness (27.62kN/mm and 25.63kN/mm) and peak load (74.23kN and 70.25kN) under the FE analysis.
Exploring first-year student engagement, and examining the connection between mentorship, transformation, and retention: A case study
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-02) MacArthur, Amy Lean; Brien, Ken
The attrition rate within Maritime post-secondary institutions is unsettling. More than a third of students are choosing to escape the pressures of a higher education, many within their first year. Focusing on a Maritime post-secondary program, case study research was used to explore what encourages students to stay and flourish in university. Beginning with the creation of a conceptual framework of engagement, comprising the three aspects of affective engagement, cognitive engagement, and behavioural engagement, I then reviewed current literature on the first-year experience, student transformation, student engagement, and mentorship. Noting that the literature affirmed the premise of my conceptual framework, I pursued data collection. Using a mixed methods approach, first-year students at a small private Maritime university were surveyed four times during the 2021-2022 academic year. Faculty and staff involved in the first-year experience were also interviewed. The surveys and interviews produced the following five key insights and themes: 1. Feeling welcome and knowing that you matter are not synonymous. 2. Affective and cognitive inputs do not automatically create behavioural outputs. 3. Supplemental academic resources are needed by most, if not all first-year students. 4. Connecting one’s degree to one’s calling is important. 5. Empowerment without influence affects student agency. Based on the findings, recommendations for a mentoring intervention were made in relation to the three areas of engagement described in the framework. To increase affective engagement, it is necessary to improve connection with the university community through communication, older peer participation, and small group opportunities to dialogue. To increase cognitive engagement, recall needs to be strengthened by applying reinforcement through consistency, assessment, and rewards. To increase behavioural engagement, positive action needs to be encouraged through structured activities, partnership with peers who are further along in their degree programs, and faculty and staff commitment. It was clear from the research that first-year students need to be mentored through programming focused on producing positive feelings and thoughts and structured to encourage positive action. The thoughtful integration of the three areas of engagement will lead to transformational learning and keep students engaged in their learning.
Ahead-of-Time compilation in a language-independent environment
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-02) Krylov, Georgiy; Dueck, Gerhard W.; Kent, Kenneth B.
Language runtime environments provide support for executing high-level programming language functionality. They can be equipped with compilers, which allow accelerating the program execution at the expense of paying the cost of generating machine code. Existing research and industrial grade compilers can be split into two kinds based on their mode of operation. The first kind is known as Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation, generating high-performance native code by using real-time program execution. However, JIT compilers require the program to be running for a sufficiently long time to be able to perform its optimizations. Moreover, the process of compilation must be repeated during every program execution when JIT compilation is used. The second kind of compilation is Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation. Ahead-of-Time compilers allow addressing the drawbacks that the JIT compilers have at a cost of producing less optimal code, or extra time spent on compilation before executing the user program. The research on Ahead-of-Time compilers is a well-established research area; there are many implementations of AOT compilers available, including the language-independent AOT compilers like LLVM. This research proposes an infrastructure that can be used for creating AOT compilers as an extension of the Eclipse OMR runtime development toolkit. This infrastructure is used to construct a WebAssembly compiler to evaluate its performance. The results are compared to the performance of Node.js, an industry-quality runtime environment for executing JavaScript and WebAssembly programs. This dissertation showcases the problem of invoking runtime-generated functions from an interpreter, proposes an Eclipse-OMR based solution and compares it to possible alternatives. Another contribution of this research is an algorithm that drives the procedure of making compilation and loading decisions by conducting a run-time program analysis based on the program structure. This algorithm serves as a base for creating compilation scheduling strategies, which allows for partial compilations and reducing the work performed by the compiler within program individual runs. The proposed compilation strategies also allow combining AOT and JIT compilers for program execution optimization. Finally, this dissertation contains an evaluation of execution duration of multiple programs based on the selected heuristic approach to compilation decision and user parameters.
Reasoning for fact verification using language models
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-02) Kanaani, Mohammadamin; Ghorbani, Ali A.
In response to the proliferation of misinformation on social media platforms, this thesis introduces the Triple-R framework (Retriever, Ranker, Reasoner) to enhance fact-checking by leveraging the Web for evidence retrieval and generating understandable explanations for its decisions. Unlike existing methods, Triple-R incorporates external sources for evidence and provides explanations for datasets lacking them. By fine-tuning a causal language model, it produces natural language explanations and labels for evidence-claim pairs, aiming for greater transparency and interpretability in fact-checking systems. Evaluated on a popular dataset, Triple-R achieved a state-of-the-art accuracy of 42.72% on the LIAR benchmark, outperforming current automated fact verification methods. This underscores its effectiveness in integrating web sources and offering clear reasons, presenting a significant step forward in the fight against online misinformation.
“They Don’t Teach You That in School”: Discovering formations of Funds of Knowledge among immigrant families in New Brunswick
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-02) Estallo, Zyrene Leonardo; Wagner, David
The study used the Funds of Knowledge framework, a conceptual model connecting household practices with valuable academic resources, to explore learning discourses within immigrant families. The research delved into Grade 6 students’ navigation of their household culture and the Canadian community, along with understanding the roles played by parents in their growth. Utilizing case study methods, participants engaged in guided art activities, focus group discussions, and parent interviews. Five themes emerged from students’ perspectives, including perceived influences, interests, activities, physical environment, and experiences, as well as culture/language. Additionally, parents contributed three themes: experiencing the new environment, preserving cultural identity, and influencing their children's decision making. The findings provide insights into the learning discourses within immigrant families, highlighting the interplay between household practices, parental influence, and students’ experiences.
Nonbreeding distribution and movement of adult Razorbills (Alca torda) breeding in Atlantic Canada and Québec
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-02) Dodds, Mark David; Major, Heather; Diamond, Antony
Winter conditions can have significant carry-over effects on seabird populations, yet specific factors have been difficult to identify simply because the complete patterns of winter distributions are unknown. Using a combination of GLS tags and stable isotope analyses, this study presents the first description of the nonbreeding movements of Razorbills (Alca torda) from seven breeding colonies in Atlantic Canada and Québec. Tagging data described the relative degree of migratory connectivity, revealed five distinct migration strategies for Razorbills breeding on Machias Seal Island, and identified fall and spring moulting areas. Feathers from tagged individuals provided tissue-specific isotope values for known locations, allowing discriminant analysis to predict putative moulting areas of feathers sampled from untagged individuals. These methods circumvented the need for spatially explicit isoscapes and species- and tissue-specific discrimination factors, and allowed nonbreeding movement patterns to be inferred for a greater number of individuals than tagging alone would otherwise permit.
The impact of settlement on the health of Indian women in Ontario: A narrative study
(University of New Brunswick, 2024-01) Kipp, Sarah; Busolo, David
Background. Women who immigrate from India experience health decline during settlement. Yet little is known about how their settlement experience impacts their health. This study aims to contribute to understanding this experience. Method: Eight Indian women aged 25-45 were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Guided by narrative inquiry, data collection included individual interviews and a demographic survey. Data analysis followed Clandinin and Connelly’s method. Results. Narratives described three phases of settlement: discovering and seeking, compromising and surviving, and transitioning and accepting. Throughout these phases, systemic barriers and a lack of support contributed to health decline. Participants recommended employment, healthcare, and navigation support improvements. Discussion. Continued health decline is associated with functional impairment, increased healthcare costs, chronic disease, and mortality risk. This situation threatens Canada’s reliance on immigration to sustain our industry, economy, and care for our elders. Alternatively, improved support and removal of barriers could promote Indian women’s health during settlement.
A critical introduction to Ashes Come With, a novel and Ashes Come With, or Walter Benjamin is Stuck in a Tuna Can, a novel
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Vernon, Thomas R.; Sinclair, Sue; Crawford, Lucas
This research-based dissertation comprises a novel, Ashes Come With, and its critical introduction. The novel is inspired by the exile of German-Jewish literary philosopher Walter Benjamin (1933-1940) and that of his imagined queer, HIV+ great-great-grandson, Pear, in the 2000s. The critical introduction shares some of my lived experiences informing the novel and its composition, and it demonstrates how the meanings applied to my life and body for purposes of power (the biopolitical) fuel the novel’s composition and narrative. One principal question motivates this work: How might biopolitical forces, so significant in my lived experience, activate characterological decisions and narrative advancement? The novel activates the connections between the circumstances of Benjamin’s actual exile (displacement, poverty, antisemitism) and key Benjaminian insights vital to contemporary critical discourse (material dialectics, constellation, montage). In spite of Benjamin’s relatively well-documented life, the novel finds its story within the gaps of the historical record. Walter’s 1930s fight to survive, do his work, and get that work out of France is embedded in and informs Pear’s struggle to get out of the U.S. eighty years later. As sentient ash in the 2000s, Walter’s ontological cohesion depends upon the care and attention he brings to Pear. Similarly, Pear “reaches out” to Walter in his imagination as he faces bewildering obstacles. The existential stakes faced by the characters in one storyline ignite story advancement in the other despite temporal divides. The critical introduction challenges its readers to queer the biopolitical constitutive ingredients of failure as it operates in the characters’ lives. Throughout the dissertation, these “ingredients” become sites of story generation and critique. Research for the novel included on-site research visits, close study of historical testimony, ephemera, and Benjamin’s oeuvre while attending to its omissions, such as the immediate circumstances from which several Benjamininan principles emerge. The dissertation demonstrates that the deployment of the biopolitical rooted in characterological, historical, and geo-political collapses of intention opens opportunities for creative or critical engagement.
Implementing array bytecode in MicroJIT
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Verma, Shubham; Kent, Kenneth B.
Eclipse OpenJ9 is a Java virtual machine (JVM), which initially interprets Java programs. OpenJ9 uses Just-in-Time (JIT) compilers—like the default Testarossa JIT (TRJIT)—to translate the program into native code, which executes faster than interpreting. TRJIT is an optimizing compiler that can introduce overhead during runtime but generally improves startup time compared to interpretation. MicroJIT is a non-optimizing, template-based compiler that aims to reduce compilation overhead and startup time. Bytecodes dealing with array operations were not supported in the initial implementation of MicroJIT, forcing them to either be interpreted or compiled using TRJIT. This work implements 18 arrays and 3 non-array bytecodes in MicroJIT. The implementation is tested with a regression test suite and the experiments are performed on the DaCapo benchmark suite and Micro-benchmarks. The results show that MicroJIT, including array bytecodes support, is 4.81x faster than the interpreter and 1.11x faster than the MicroJIT without array bytecodes support.
Tenants of empire: Uncovering connections between French Caribbean and Acadian archipelagos through nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Thomas, Leanna; Richard, Chantal; Kennedy, Sean
This study uses literature to examine cultural histories of Acadians and Afro-descendant peoples in the French Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. Literary cultures of each of these communities demonstrate the resilience of culture and history, while also speaking to struggles of settler colonialism, enslavement, and deportation. This dissertation applies the concept of “tenants of empire” to describe the different experiences of Acadians, as well as of Martinicans and Guadeloupeans of African descent, as they formed communities inside the confines of French and British social, economic, and political imperial structures. Through comparing the uniqueness, similarities, and convergences in the evolution of nineteenth- and twentieth-century literature by Acadian authors and by authors of African descent in Martinique and Guadeloupe, this dissertation demonstrates that while these communities are distinct in terms of histories of racialization, colonial trauma, and resistance, literary histories reveal connections. Literature demonstrates how Acadian and Afro-descendant authors from Martinique and Guadeloupe negotiated imperial relationships with France, struggled to identify a “homeland,” claimed history on their own terms, and aimed to acquire political and social autonomy in the aftermath of French and British imperial expansion. As marginalized societies under the authority of the French and British imperial powers and, later, the French and Canadian nation-states, Acadians and descendants of enslaved Africans in Martinique and Guadeloupe occupy archipelagic spaces, yet share points of connection. Connections between these societies occur as a result of shifts in literary production and historical understanding that are interwoven with political movements led by Acadians and by Martinicans and Guadeloupeans of African descent in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
A point in time: An analysis of the atlatl-bow transition in the Maritime Peninsula during the Maritime Woodland Period
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Schweitzer, Paul A.; Hrynick, M. Gabriel
There are competing perceptions of settlement and subsistence in the Maritime Peninsula during the Maritime Woodland or Ceramic period (3150 – 350 BP), especially during what some archaeologists refer to as the Middle Maritime Woodland (2200 – 1350 BP) to Late Maritime Woodland period (1350 – 550 BP) transition. The shift from the atlatl to the bow has been inferred but not yet quantified within this transitionary period. Analysing projectile points found around the Maritime Peninsula using projectile point morphology and discriminant analysis functions, I determine that a transition towards the dominance of bow and arrow usage was occurring in the Middle-Late Maritime Woodland period, that the bow and arrow was likely used before this period shift, and that atlatl use was maintained into the Late Maritime Woodland period. These findings are discussed in the broader context of the Maritime Woodland period.
“Will you let me try once more?” – social avatars in teleoperation to improve trust in automation
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Pournasir, Pouya; Rea, Daniel J.
In robot teleoperation, operators and robots collaborate to achieve goals through shared autonomy, reducing operator workload. Trusting the robot is critical for the operator's success, as low trust results in operators not delegating tasks to the robot, even if doing the task themselves creates a high workload that reduces their performance. Research shows trust repair is challenging, but social HRI suggests that robots can rebuild trust in social situations through social strategies such as acknowledging mistakes and promising to do better. This study explores integrating these social strategies and interfaces into teleoperation to enhance trust repair. We compared a social cue-based interface to a conventional one, theorizing that adding in social cues would increase the effectiveness of social trust-repair strategies. Our study found that participants view the social cue-based interface as more capable, a factor that can make the participant put more trust on the system.
Swim bladder hypoinflation is associated with gut dysfunction and increased mortality in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Pearce-Lawrence, Kadri; Erickson, Timothy
The swim bladder is a vital gas-filled organ in most bony fishes that allows them to maintain neutral buoyancy. Despite its significance, the consequences of inadequate initial inflation of this organ remain poorly understood. Previous research has suggested a connection between hypoinflation and mortality, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Contrary to the theory that physostomes can inflate their swim bladders at any point after 4 dpf, I found significant increases in mortality associated with non-inflation, suggesting inflation must occur within a critical developmental period. Additionally, analysis of exogenous feeding in hypoinflated larvae challenges the contention that feeding is limited in this phenotype. I do however observe significant gut barrier degradation, gross morphological differences, and compromised lysosome activity in hypoinflated larvae. These discoveries offer crucial insight into the effects of hypoinflation on larval fish.
Childhood matters: Exploring ACEs and future health outcomes in adults on the waitlist for subsidized housing in New Brunswick
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Pappas, Julia C.; Woodhall-Melnik, Julia
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are said to be the single greatest unaddressed public health threat facing our nation today. This study uses a cross-sectional survey design to measure self-reported ACEs of individuals waiting for subsidized housing in NB (n=205). The relationship between ACEs and self-reported health is also assessed using multilinear regression models; operationalized through depression (CESD-10), psychological distress (Kessler 6), and physical health (EQ VAS, EQ-5D-5L index value). The majority (86.12%) report at least 1 ACE. There are significant inverse associations between ACEs and depression (F(7, 197), p < 0.00, R2 = 0.4) and psychological distress (F(7, 197)= 19.18, p < 0.001; R2 =0.41). There is also a significant negative relationship between ACEs and EQ VAS score (F(7, 197), p < 0.001, R2 = 0.12) and the EQ-5D (F(7, 197)=6.62, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.19). The findings indicate a need for additional support for housing-insecure individuals with experienced ACEs.
An investigation of transition-informed classifier adaptation for myoelectric control
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Meneley, Julia; MacIsaac, Dawn; Scheme, Erik
Myoelectric prostheses use pattern recognition of surface electromyography (SEMG) to interpret a user’s intent. Over time, changes in the SEMG worsen the usability of these prostheses, requiring cumbersome retraining. Adaptive learning, although able to update the classifier, suffers from mislabelling errors during unsupervised use. This study aimed to overcome this by investigating the impact of transitions between classes, often associated with elevated misclassification, on the adaptation process. Several adaptation techniques, some based on explicitly avoiding transitions and others based on leveraging awareness of transitions to improve decision stream labelling, were explored. Finally, these transition-informed adaptation techniques were tested on two datasets that included sequences of transitions between known classes. Results suggest that an awareness of transience in the SEMG can inform the data selection process and improve the labelling of unsupervised data for adaptation. A resulting LC-SSL technique yielded significant (p¡0.05) improvement to several offline classifier performance metrics.
Patrolling the medical margins: The hospital ship Strathcona III and community relocation in northern Newfoundland and Labrador, 1949-1974
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Matchim, John R.H.; Mullally, Sasha
This dissertation explores the history of the Strathcona III (1964-1974), the last hospital ship built for the International Grenfell Association (IGA). The IGA was a philanthropic health care provider that operated in northern Newfoundland and Labrador between 1893 and 1981. To make its services more accessible to rural-remote fishing communities, the IGA developed a decentralized system of small hospitals, nursing stations and hospital ships. By revisiting a wide range of clinician autobiographies and other forms of life writing, analyzing clinical case records, and applying a spatial history analysis to the Strathcona III’s activities, this study shows that the ship was primarily built in response to the continuing high incidence of tuberculosis. Ultimately, this work links the Strathcona III’s health services to contemporaneous community relocation programs that sought to move people from small fishing communities to larger ‘growth centres.’ Faced with overcrowded housing, where tuberculosis flourished, and high unemployment, many relocated people returned to their old homes each summer to make a living from the fishery, leading the IGA to construct a new hospital ship that could accompany them. This is not to say that the intentions of the state could not be coopted or subverted. While the Strathcona III was designed to conduct mass x-ray surveys for tuberculosis, coastal peoples were also able to access a range of other medical services. The ship provided a vital support to fishing peoples whose way of life was considered ‘backwards’ in a modern industrial economy. By continuing to fish from summer stations local people were able, at least indirectly, to influence IGA policy and address their particular needs. Additionally, applying a circumpolar, historical framework to these activities connects the IGA to international trends. The emerging historiography of global health and the rise of ‘big medicine’ shows how economic ‘modernization’ programs, military buildups, and marine-based public health surveys in Canada were also occurring at the same time in many other parts of the circumpolar North Atlantic. Thus, interconnected projects of tuberculosis control and community relocation in northern Newfoundland and Labrador can be seen as parts of a larger set of global projects.
Building a global navy: U.S. naval logistics, 1775-1941
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Klug, Jonathan P.; Milner, Marc; Windsor, Lee
By the end of World War II, the United States Navy (USN) was a juggernaut that had swept the Imperial Japanese Navy from the sea. While there are many reasons for this victory, one was the Japanese failure to account for naval logistics properly. Unfortunately, naval historians have made the same mistake concerning the USN. They have steadily paid less and less heed to naval logistics as World War II V-J Day inexorably slipped further back in time and memory. However, recent tensions between the United States and China have spurred renewed interest, which is appropriate given that any armed conflict would involve naval combat at the end of long sea lines of communication. This dissertation demonstrates that naval logistics was the true indicator of the United States Navy’s ability to be a blue-water navy capable of projecting power globally and brings naval logistics back into the general historical discussion. The USN struggled to improve its logistics for seventeen decades, from its inception to the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The Pacific War would also be a harsh taskmaster, as there was much to learn about naval logistics in the hard crucible of war. However, the Navy had laid the intellectual foundation and created the necessary equipment to develop the massive wartime logistical system that would allow successful combat operations across thousands of miles of open ocean. This dissertation demonstrates several key challenges inherent for a navy to operate globally. First, a transoceanic navy is expensive and has a long build lead time. Second, the Pacific Ocean is as vast today as it was in the 1940s, but today’s technology has “shrunk” the great ocean in the sense that it takes less time to traverse. Finally, although warships and the naval logistics systems necessary to support them continue to evolve, there are timeless aspects to waging transoceanic wars. Existing bases, advanced bases, and auxiliaries are essential for operational reach, endurance, and tempo, and they determine the success and persistence of early operations in war.
Modified cellulose filament as adsorbent for removal of methylene blue (MB) and copper ions (Cu2+)
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Gyapong, Bright; Xiao, Huining
Rapid economic growth and industrialization have resulted in an exponential rise in the tainting of other elements by heavy metal ions (like Cu2+) and dye pollutants (such as MB). Concurrently, the global management of wood fibre residue has become a significant concern. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct a thorough investigation into the potential use of wood fibre residue to efficiently remove MB from water and Cu2+ from the soil. This research seeks to improve the effectiveness of wood cellulose as an adsorbent by amine-functionalizing cellulose filaments. Modified cellulose filaments were characterized using analytical techniques, including FTIR, TGA, and SEM. In conclusion, the amine-modified cellulose filaments are anticipated to demonstrate high efficacy in removing both MB and Cu2+, thus providing a plausible solution to reduce their environmental impact.
Value and values in relation to psychedelic substances and experiences
(University of New Brunswick, 2023-12) Foss, Jeremy; Galbo, Joseph; Weissman, Eric
The following is an interdisciplinary study of the uses of psychedelics for self-improvement, ritual and integrative social functions, medicinal relief of psychological and emotional trauma, and other mental health pathologies and illnesses. There is a dual purpose to this study. The first is to deconstruct the stigma surrounding psychedelics to explore how they have been excluded as natural remedies from common narratives on treatment. Stigma effects the way in which the world views these substances, and as this research shows, influences how users interpret and value their experiences with them. The second purpose is to explicate the similarities and differences between three unique settings outlined for the study: Clinical, as in being used under the supervision of a professional clinician, Ceremonial or Ritualistic, as in ceremonies such as an Ayahuasca ceremony, and Recreational, as in use by people in social settings. The research identified specific protocols, defined as best practices by interviewees, for maximizing the impacts of psychedelic use in each of these discrete contexts. Based on the first-hand experiences of users in these three settings, this thesis has proposed strategies for harm-reduction across all settings. This thesis informs current and future efforts to de-stigmatize psychedelics and promotes educating the public about their use. It contributes to harm-reduction approaches by demonstrating smart ways to manage psychedelic experiences for the purposes of enhancing mental health, reducing trauma and, for optimizing forms of self-improvement.

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